How Do Speakers Work?
Speakers convert electrical signals into sound waves through electromagnetic induction. An electrical current flows through a coil (voice coil) surrounded by a permanent magnet. This creates a varying magnetic force that moves a cone (diaphragm) back and forth, pushing air molecules to create sound waves. The frequency of the electrical signal determines the pitch, while the amplitude determines the volume.
Understanding Audio Waveforms
Sine waves produce the purest, most natural tone — a single frequency with no harmonics. Square waves sound buzzy and hollow, containing only odd harmonics. Sawtooth waves are bright and harsh, containing both odd and even harmonics — widely used in synthesizers. Triangle waves are similar to sine waves but slightly brighter, with weak odd harmonics.
Human Hearing Range
The typical human hearing range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Bass frequencies (20-250 Hz) are felt as much as heard. Mid-range (250-4,000 Hz) covers most speech and musical instruments. Treble (4,000-20,000 Hz) adds brilliance and clarity. Hearing sensitivity decreases with age — most adults can't hear above 15,000 Hz. This test's frequency slider covers the full audible spectrum.
Web Audio API
This test uses the Web Audio API to generate tones directly in your browser. An OscillatorNode generates the waveform at your chosen frequency, connected through a GainNode for volume control. Channel routing uses ChannelSplitter and ChannelMerger nodes to direct audio to specific left/right speakers. All processing happens client-side — no audio is transmitted anywhere.