What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard operating at 2.4 GHz. It enables data exchange between devices within 10-100 meters. Named after Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson, a 10th-century Danish king who united warring factions. Modern Bluetooth 5.0+ offers speeds up to 2 Mbps, improved range, and reduced power consumption compared to earlier versions.
Bluetooth Classic vs. BLE
Bluetooth Classic is used for continuous data streaming — audio to headphones, file transfers, and keyboard/mouse connections. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is optimized for devices that send small amounts of data periodically — fitness trackers, heart rate monitors, smart home sensors, and beacons. BLE can run for months or years on a coin cell battery. The Web Bluetooth API primarily works with BLE devices.
GATT Services & Characteristics
BLE devices expose data through GATT (Generic Attribute Profile). Data is organized into Services (logical groupings like "Battery Service" or "Heart Rate Service") containing Characteristics (individual data points like battery level or heart rate value). Each service and characteristic has a unique UUID. Standard UUIDs are defined by the Bluetooth SIG, while manufacturers can define custom UUIDs for proprietary data.